Overview
Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to detoxify them or repair the resulting damage. ROS are highly reactive molecules that contain oxygen and can be generated as natural byproducts of cellular metabolism. They include molecules like superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (OH-).
Under normal physiological conditions, the body has defense mechanisms in place to neutralize ROS and maintain a balance. This includes antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione. However, when there is an excessive production of ROS or a decline in the antioxidant defense system, oxidative stress can occur.